Níveis de concordância com regras descritivas sobre comportamentos alimentares entre veg(etari)anos / Levels of agreement with descriptive rules on food behavior between vegans and vegetarians / Niveles de acuerdo con reglas descriptivas sobre comportamientos alimentarios entre veg(etari)anos

O vegetarianismo é uma prática que exclui carnes e pode evitar outros produtos de origem animal. Esta última modalidade está muito associada ao veganismo, uma filosofia que defende a libertação animal. Aderir a tais condições implica no seguimento de algumas normas que norteiam comportamentos alimentares e interações sociais. Partindo desse pressuposto, objetivou-se avaliar o nível de concordância, entre vegetarianos e veganos, quanto a regras que descrevem comportamentos alimentares. A pesquisa contou com 398 participantes, sendo 198 não estritos e 200 estritos, que responderam a um questionário on-line autoaplicável. Os dados, analisados via teste t, apontaram maiores níveis de concordância com comportamentos mais restritos entre vegetarianos estritos e veganos os quais também relataram maior embasamento em valores. Este estudo, que trouxe uma ótica de análise para os comportamentos alimentares em termos de localização de reforços, pode contribuir com novas práticas em saúde direcionadas às pessoas vegetarianas e veganas. (AU)

Vegetarianism is a practice that excludes meat and can avoid other products of animal origin. This latter modality is closely associated with veganism, a philosophy that advocates animal liberation. Adherence to these conditions implies following some norms that guide eating behaviors and social interactions. Based on this assumption, we aimed to evaluate the agreement level, between vegetarians and vegans, regarding rules that describe food behaviors. The survey included 398 participants, 198 non-strict and 200 strict vegetarians, who answered a self-administered online questionnaire. The data, analyzed by t-test, showed higher agreement level with more restricted behaviors between strict vegetarians and vegans, who also reported a higher base on values. This study, which provided an analysis perspective on eating behaviors in terms of reinforcement location, may contribute to new health practices aimed at vegetarians and vegans. (AU)

El vegetarianismo es una práctica que excluye carnes y también puede evitar otros productos de origen animal de la alimentación. Esta última modalidad está muy asociada al veganismo, una filosofía que defiende la liberación animal. Adherirse a tales condiciones implica el seguimiento de algunas normas que guían los comportamientos alimentarios e interacciones sociales. A partir de esta suposición, el objetivo fue evaluar el nivel de acuerdo, entre vegetarianos y veganos, en cuanto a las reglas que describen conductas alimentarias. La encuesta contó con 398 participantes, siendo 198 no estrictos y 200 estrictos, que respondieron a un cuestionario online autoaplicable. Los datos, analizados vía test T, señalaron mayores niveles de acuerdo con comportamientos más restringidos entre vegetarianos estrictos y veganos, los cuales también señalaron una mayor base en los valores. Este estudio, que trae una óptica de análisis para los comportamientos alimentarios en términos de localización de refuerzos, puede contribuir con nuevas prácticas en salud dirigidas a personas vegetarianas y veganas. (AU)

Japanese beetle feeding and survival on apple fruits / Alimentação e sobrevivência do besouro japonês em maçãs

Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Japanese beetle, is a polyphagous pest of many crops. In these crops, including apple, it acts primarily as a defoliator, causing economic damages. The objectives were to determine the ability of P. japonica to injury fruits of SweeTango variety apples and the suitability of apple fruits as a food source for this beetle. Popillia japonica was not able to injure the surface of intact fruits, which means that it is not a primary pest for apple fruits. The lifespan of the beetles when fed soybean leaves or apple with exposed endocarp was similar. Observations of the feces of the beetles suggest a potential physiological response due the change of food from soybean leaves to apple fruits. Therefore, we can conclude that the adults should not be considered as primary pests of apple fruits; however, they may act as secondary pests if the endocarp of the fruits is exposed by some other agent.

Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), besouro japonês, é uma praga polífaga de muitas culturas. Nessas culturas, incluindo maçãs, ela atua como um desfolhador, causando danos econômicos. Os objetivos foram determinar a capacidade de P. japonica produzir lesões em maçãs da variedade SweeTango e a adequação da maçã como fonte alimentar para esse besouro. Popillia japonica não foi capaz de lesionar a superfície das maçãs intactas, o que significa que ela não é uma praga primária para maçãs. O tempo de vida desse besouro alimentado com folhas de soja ou maçã com endocarpo exposto foi semelhante. Observações das fezes desse besouro sugere uma potencial resposta fisiológica devido a troca de alimento de folhas de soja para as maçãs. Desta forma, nós podemos concluir que os adultos não devem ser considerados como pragas primárias de maçãs; entretanto elas podem atuar como praga secundária se o endocarpo da fruta for exposto pela ação de outra agente.

Impact of a nutrition education program on gymnasts perceptions and eating practices

Abstract Aims: To understand how participating in a Nutrition & Health Education program (NHEP) affected the way rhythm gymnasts and their coaches perceive their food practices. Methods: Qualitative study portraying a case study of a NHEP specifically designed for a rhythm gymnastic team. The NHEP was conducted at the training facilities. Fourteen rhythm gymnasts, consisting of the team that represents a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and their two coaches participated in the study. Athletes and coaches were interviewed about their perceptions and food practices before and after a 9-month NHEP designed specifically for them. Recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim. Two categories emerged from the discourses and were analyzed using the content analysis: "beliefs and feeding practices" and "construction of a positive relationship with food". Results: Athletes reported changes in their food practices related to the themes discussed with them in the NHEP, such as daily breakfast intake, higher intake of fruits, vegetables, milk products, and wholegrain foods. Conclusion: The NHEP allowed specific demands of the athletes to be identified and addressed, generating awareness and motivation to positive changes in eating practices.

A escolha alimentar e a complexidade dos sistemas humanos / Food choice and complexity of human systems

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão teórica sobre a complexidade da alimentação e a tomada de decisão do comedor na atualidade, a partir da Teoria Familiar Sistêmica de Bowen. Propõe-se um diálogo entre a biologia, a epigenética, a psicologia, a antropologia e a sociologia, de forma a esclarecer a complexidade da prática alimentar no contexto social e no desenvolvimento humano. Tal complexidade deve ser levada em conta quando se trata da prevenção e do tratamento da obesidade e de transtornos alimentares. Isso porque o comportamento alimentar está intimamente ligado aos processos de pertencimento e individuação nas famílias, sofre influência da dinâmica familiar e das pressões socioculturais e econômicas, e desempenha um papel confortador frente à ansiedade e ao estresse, podendo, inclusive, a depender da forma como é direcionado, acarretar alterações no funcionamento corporal. No cenário estressante atual, com os muitos desafios impostos às famílias, o uso da alimentação como alívio da ansiedade parece condizente com o aumento da obesidade. Dessa forma, estratégias que favoreçam a regulação emocional parecem ser o caminho mais efetivo para a prevenção e o tratamento do sintoma. A terapia boweniana mostra-se como uma alternativa condizente com essa proposta e pode contribuir para a melhoria das escolhas alimentares.(AU)

This article presents a discussion about the present food complexity and the eater's decision-making, based on Bowen family systems theory. It's proposed a conversation among biology, epigenetics, psychology, anthropology and sociology which is aimed at explaining the food practice complexity in the social context and human development. Thiscomplexity must be considered when talking about obesity and other eating disorders prevention and treatment, since eating behavior, belonging and individuality process are closely knit in families. Eating behavior is influenced by social, cultural and economic pressures besides family dynamic and it plays a comfort role in anxietyand stress. Depending on the eating behavior, the way the body works can change. In this current stressful scenario, full of family's challenges, the use of food as an anxiety relief seems to befit the obesity increase. Strategies that support emotional regulation seems to be the most effective way to prevent and treat obesity. Bowen Therapy is an alternative that befits this proposal and it can effectively contribute to improving people's food choices.(AU)

Este artículo presenta una discusión teórica sobre la complejidad de la alimentación y la toma de decisión del comedor en la actualidad, a partir de laTeoría Familiar sistémica de Bowen. Se propone un diálogo entre la biología, la epigenética, la psicología, la antropología y la sociología, para aclarar la complejidad de la práctica alimentaria en el contexto social y en el desarrollo humano. Esta complejidad debe tenerse en cuenta a la hora de prevenir y tratar la obesidad y los trastornos alimentarios. Esto se debe a que el comportamiento alimentario está íntimamente ligado a los procesos de pertenencia e individualización en las familias, sufre influencia de la dinámica familiar y de las presiones socioculturales y económicas, y desempeña un papel reconfortante frente a la ansiedad y el estrés, incluso, dependiendo de la forma en que se dirige, puede producir cambios en el funcionamiento corporal. En el escenario estresante actual, con los muchos desafíos impuestos a las familias, el uso de la alimentación como alivio de la ansiedad parece acorde con el aumento de la obesidad. De esta forma, estrategias que favorezcan la regulación emocional parecen ser el camino más efectivo para la prevención y el tratamiento del síntoma. La terapia boweniana se presenta como una alternativa acorde con esa propuesta y puede contribuir a la mejora de las opciones alimentarias.(AU)

Cafeteria diet in breastfeeding dams promotes anxiolytic effects, accumulation of adipose tissue, and impacts offspring development / La dieta de la cafetería en las madres que amamantan promueve los efectos ansiolíticos y la acumulación de tejido adiposo, y afecta el desarrollo de la descendencia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and behavioral effects of a cafeteria diet in dams during the breastfeeding period and in their offspring from weaning until early adulthood (70 days old). Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a chow diet until delivery. Postnatally (D0), litters were culled to 8 pups and lactating dams received control (CTRL n= 6) or cafeteria (CAF n= 6) diets and water ad libitum. At the end of the breastfeeding period, male offspring were placed in individual boxes receiving the same treatment from their respective dams (CTRL or CAF) until adulthood (70 days). All nutritional and behavioral evaluations were performed with the dams (n= 12) during the breastfeeding phase and with the male offspring (n= 24) after weaning to adulthood. CAF dams demonstrated a lower caloric and protein intake; higher intake of fats; loss of weight; greater accumulation of adipose tissue; and an anxiolytic effect. CAF male offspring showed lower caloric intake; higher intake of fats; and accumulation of adipose tissue. In addition, these animals continued to have decreased body weight, body length and tibia-femur length in relation to CTRL. In dams, a cafeteria diet promoted alterations in body composition and anxiety, and in offspring the diet resulted in adequate development.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos nutricionales y de comportamiento de la dieta de la cafetería en las madres durante el período de lactancia materna y en su descendencia desde el destete hasta la edad adulta temprana (70 días de edad). Ratas Wistar embarazadas fueron alimentadas con una dieta estándar hasta el parto. Postnatalmente (D0), las camadas se ajustaron en 8 crías y las madres lactantes recibieron las dietas control (CTRL n= 6) o cafetería (CAF n= 6) además de agua ad libitum. Al final del período de lactancia materna, las proles machos fueron colocados en cajas individuales recibiendo el mismo tratamiento de sus respectivas madres (CTRL o CAF) hasta la edad adulta (70 días). Todas las evaluaciones nutricionales y comportamentales se realizaron con las madres (n= 12) durante la fase de lactancia y con la prole masculina (n= 24) después del destete hasta la edad adulta. Las madres CAF demostraron una menor ingesta calórica y proteica; mayor ingestión de grasas; pérdida de peso; mayor acumulación de tejido adiposo; y un efecto ansiolítico. La prole masculina CAF presentó menor consumo calórico; mayor ingestión de grasas; y la acumulación de tejido adiposo. Además, estos animales presentaron menor peso corporal, longitud corporal, y longitud de la tibia-fémur, en relación a CTRL. En las madres, la dieta de cafetería promovió cambios en la composición corporal y ansiedad, y en la prole la dieta comprometió el desarrollo adecuado.

Effects of 12 weeks of interdisciplinary interventions on behavioral and eating parameters of adolescents with overweight or obesity / Efeitos de 12 semanas de intervenções interdisciplinares em parâmetros comportamentais e alimentares de adolescentes com excesso de peso ou obesidade

OBJETCTIVE: To analyze the 12 weeks' effects of interdisciplinary interventions on behavioral and eating parameters of overweight or obese adolescents. METHODS: This study presents a longitudinal and quasi-experimental design. 40 adolescents aged 16 ± 1 years were selected to participate on the study. Therefore, only 17 completed the 12 weeks of interdisciplinary interventions. The interventions were realized by physical education professionals (physical exercises three times a week), physiotherapists (exercises to strengthen the core and postural exercises three times a week), nutrition (feeding re-education twice a week) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (focus on behavior change and adoption of an active lifestyle once a week). In order to quantify the adolescents' behavioral parameters, the questionnaires were: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RAS) and Hamilton anxiety scale (HAS RESULTS: For BSQ's answer 9: "are you with thin people of the same sex as you, make you feel worried about your physique? "A significant reduction in the responses attributed by the adolescents at the post-intervention (p<0.05) level was identified, as well as for the HAS, in question 3: fear - of the dark, of unknown, of the crowd, of being abandoned, large animals, transit", with lower values (p<0.05) after interdisciplinary interventions. CONCLUSION: Interdisciplinary interventions resulted in improvements in body image in relation to the perception of physical state, as well as in a decrease in fear presented by adolescents. The 12 weeks of interventions presented slight changes in the adolescents' behavior analyzed in the study.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os efeitos de 12 semanas de intervenções interdisciplinares em parâmetros comportamentais e alimentares de adolescentes com excesso de peso ou obesidade. MÉTODO: O estudo apresenta um delineamento longitudinal e quase-experimental. Foram selecionados para participar da pesquisa 40 adolescentes com idade de 16 ± 1 anos. No entanto, apenas 17 concluíram as 12 semanas de intervenções interdisciplinares. As intervenções foram realizadas por profissionais de educação física (exercício físico três vezes por semana), fisioterapeutas (exercícios para o fortalecimento do core e posturais, três vezes por semana), nutrição (reeducação alimentar, duas vezes por semana) e terapia cognitivo-comportamental (foco na mudança de comportamento e adoção de um estilo de vida ativo, uma vez por semana). A fim de quantificar os parâmetros comportamentais dos adolescentes, foram utilizados os questionários: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), teste de atitudes alimentares (EAT), escala de autoestima de Rosenberg (EAR) e escala Hamilton de ansiedade (EHA). RESULTADOS: para a resposta 9 do BSQ: "estar com pessoas magras do mesmo sexo que você, faz você se sentir preocupada (o) em relação ao seu físico? " Foi identificada redução significativa das respostas atribuídas pelos adolescentes no momento pós-intervenção (p<0,05), assim como para a EHA, na questão 3: medo - de escuro, de desconhecidos, de multidão, de ser abandonado, de animais grandes, de trânsito", com valores inferiores (p<0,05), após as intervenções interdisciplinares CONCLUSÃO: As intervenções interdisciplinares resultaram em melhoras na imagem corporal em relação à percepção do estado físico, bem como em uma diminuição do medo apresentado pelos adolescentes. As 12 semanas de intervenções apresentaram ligeiras mudanças no comportamento dos adolescentes analisados no presente estudo.

Adesão ao tratamento nutricional por pacientes atendidos na Clínica de Nutrição Escola da Universidade Paulista / Adherence to nutritional treatment by patients attending the School Nutrition Clinic of the Paulista University

Objetivo ­ Avaliar a adesão ao tratamento nutricional de acordo com a caracterização dos pacientes da Clínica de Nutrição Escola da Universidade Paulista, de modo a fornecer informações mais detalhadas acerca do público atendido e permitir o planejamento de ações que favoreçam o seguimento do tratamento dietético. Métodos ­ Para averiguação dos dados as variáveis de interesse foram coletadas a partir dos prontuários dos pacientes atendidos no período de janeiro de 2016 a junho de 2017, de ambos os sexos e de variadas faixas etárias. Resultados ­ A maior parte dos pacientes (69%) não retornou para o recebimento do plano alimentar. Apenas 4% aderiram ao tratamento sugerido e 1% permanece em acompanhamento regular. Conclusão ­ Diante do cenário observado, os dados de baixa adesão reforçam a necessidade de que o processo de educação nutricional passe por mudanças estruturais, baseado em modelos de ensino que criem possibilidades para a produção de resultados e não visem apenas a disseminação de conhecimento

Objective ­ To evaluate the adherence to nutritional treatment according to the characterization of the patients of the Nutrition Clinic School of Universidade Paulista, in order to provide more detailed information about the public served and to allow the planning of actions that favor the follow-up of the treatment. Methods ­ The variables of interest were collected from the charts of the patients attending from January 2016 to June 2017, of both sexes and of various age groups. Results ­ Most patients (69%) did not return to the food plan receipt. Only 4% adhered to the suggested treatment and 1% remained in regular follow-up. Conclusion ­ In view of the observed scenario, low adherence data reinforce the need for the nutritional education process to undergo structural changes based on teaching models that create possibilities for the production of results and not only aim at the dissemination of knowledge

Hábitos Alimentares de Estudantes de Diferentes Áreas no Ensino Superior / Eating Habits of a University Students from Different Sciences

Objetivo: analisar as mudanças dos hábitos alimentares de estudantes no ingresso no ensino superior, assim como, as consequências destes hábitos para a saúde. Metodologia: estudo transversal, conduzido entre setembro a dezembro de 2014. Foram entrevistados estudantes das áreas de humanas, biológicas e exatas, selecionados por conveniência. Adotou-se questionário estruturado, auto aplicado, contendo questões do perfil sociodemográfico/econômico e hábitos alimentares. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e estatisticamente pelo teste do qui-quadrado (p<0,05) e pela regressão logística sendo a variável resposta dicotomizada em "Comportamento alimentar adequado" e "Comportamento alimentar inadequado" a partir da mediana dos resultados (54,5%). Resultados: responderam ao questionário 500 estudantes regularmente matriculados, 337 mulheres e 163 homens, média de 24 anos, renda mensal média de R$976,00 e 89,6% afirmou não possuir doenças. Os cursos de exatas apresentaram maior chance de ter um comportamento alimentar adequado (1,98 vezes), assim como os alunos com faixa etária até 22 anos (1,48 vezes) e do sexo masculino (1,67 vezes). Conclusão: Estudantes dos cursos da área biológica apresentaram resultados mais insatisfatórios em relação aos hábitos alimentares. Evidenciouse que os estudantes são expostos a fatores de risco à saúde ao ingressarem no ensino superior devido à vulnerabilidade, em face de um novo contexto de vida.(AU)

Objective: to analyze the changes in students' eating habits after joining higher education, as well as the consequences of these habits for their health. Methodology: This was a crosssectional survey, conducted between September-December 2014. Students from human, biological and exact sciences, selected by convenience, were interviewed. A structured questionnaire, self-applied, containing questions of sociodemographic/economic profile and eating habits was used. Data was analyzed descriptively and statistically by the chisquare test (p<0.05) and by logistic regression, having the response variable dichotomized in "Adequate eating habits" and "inadequate eating habits" from the median of the results (54,5%). Results: 500 students answered the questionnaire, of which 337 women and 163 men, average of 24 years old, average monthly income of R$976.00 and majority (89.6%) affirmed not having diseases. The students from exact sciences were more likely to have adequate eating habits (1,98 times), as well as students aged up to 22 (1,48 times) and male (1,67 times). Conclusion: The university students enrolled in courses in the biological sciences presented results considered to be more unsatisfactory about eating habits. It was evidenced that the students are exposed to health risk factors when entering the university environment due to vulnerability to a new life context. (AU)

Associações entre problemas de saúde mental, comportamento alimentar e estado nutricional de pré-escolares no Município de Ribeirão Preto/SP / Associations between mental health problems, eating behavior and nutritional status of preschool children in the city of Ribeirão Preto/SP

O Brasil vive uma transição nutricional, com mudanças no padrão alimentar, redução nos índices de desnutrição e aumento nos índices de obesidade em todas as faixas etárias, incluindo a infância. A obesidade infantil também pode estar associada a problemas na saúde mental de crianças muito novas, como ansiedade, depressão e problemas de comportamento. Sabe-se que o comportamento alimentar das crianças tem relação com seu estado nutricional, e ele começa a ser desenvolvido desde muito cedo na vida das crianças. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o comportamento alimentar e a saúde mental entre crianças de dois a quatro anos de idade e analisar possíveis associações entre estado nutricional, comportamento alimentar e problemas emocionais e/ou comportamentais neste grupo. Participaram 95 pais/responsáveis divididos em três grupos: eutróficos (N=34), sobrepeso (n=34) e obesidade (N=32). Os participantes responderam um questionário sociodemográfico, uma escala de rastreamento de problemas psicológicos e outra para investigação do comportamento alimentar. As entrevistas ocorreram em unidades de saúde ou na residência dos participantes, com duração média de 30 minutos. Os dados foram submetidos à estatística descritiva e inferencial. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 32,7(±7,39), exclusivamente mulheres; 25,3% das crianças tinham dois anos, 38,9% três e 35,8% estavam com quatro anos. As subescalas que tiveram maiores pontuações foram Prazer em comer (3,92) e Desejo de beber (3,34) e observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre sexos em Resposta à saciedade (t = 2,433; p = 0,018), com resultados mais elevados para as meninas, e entre grupos etários em Seletividade Alimentar (F(2;92) = 8,02, p = 0,001), com as crianças de dois anos apresentando menores pontuações. As crianças obesas obtiveram escores maiores nas subescalas de comportamento alimentar que refletem maior interesse pela comida, enquanto as eutróficas apresentaram melhores resultados naquelas que refletem menor interesse pelo alimento. Houve diferença significativa entre o grupo de obesos (maior média) com eutróficos (p = 0,01) e com sobrepeso (p < 0,001) quanto a Sobreingestão emocional; entre grupo sobrepeso (menor média) com eutróficos (p = 0,03) e com obesos (p = 0,03) quanto a Desejo de beber; e entre grupo obeso (menor média) e eutrófico quanto a Resposta à saciedade (p = 0,05). No que tange à saúde mental, 27,4% das crianças apresentaram escores muito altos no instrumento, sinalizando problemas psicológicos; as maiores pontuações médias ocorreram nas subescalas Hiperatividade (4,75) e Problemas de Conduta (4,75). Resposta à saciedade correlacionou-se com Problemas emocionais (r = 0,215; p = 0,037) e Hiperatividade (r = 0,244; p = 0,017); Subingestão emocional apresentou correlação com Problemas de conduta (r = 0,334; p = 0,001), Hiperatividade (r = 0,358; p = 0,000) e Problemas de relacionamento (r = 0,321; p = 0,002). Há evidências da associação entre estado nutricional e comportamento alimentar bem como deste último com saúde mental. Neste sentido, os resultados alertam para a necessidade de atenção ao comportamento alimentar e à saúde mental de crianças muito novas, visando à prevenção de problemas na saúde mental e do ganho de peso

Brazil is experiencing a nutritional transition, with changes in the dietary pattern, reduction in malnutrition rates and increase in obesity rates in all age groups, including childhood. Childhood obesity may also be associated with problems in the mental health of very young children, such as anxiety, depression and behavior problems. It is known that children's eating behavior is related to their nutritional status, and it begins to be developed very early in children's lives. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate eating behavior and mental health among children from two to four years of age and to analyze possible associations between nutritional status, eating behavior and emotional and / or behavioral problems in this group. Participants included 95 parents / guardians divided into three groups: eutrophic (n = 34), overweight (n = 34) and obesity (n = 32). Participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, a psychological problem tracing scale and another for food behavior research. The interviews took place in Health Units or in the participants' residence, with an average duration of 30 minutes. Data were submitted to descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean age of the participants was 32.7 (± 7.39), exclusively women; 25.3% of the children were two years old, 38.9% were three and 35.8% were four years old. The subscales that had higher scores were Enjoyment of food (3.92) and Desire to drink (3.34) and a statistically significant difference was observed between sexes in Satiety responsiveness (t = 2,433; p = 0,018), with more results (F (2; 92) = 8.02, p = 0.001), with two-yearolds presenting lower scores. Obese children had higher scores on eating behavior subscales that reflect greater interest in food, while eutrophic ones presented better results in those that reflect less interest in food. There was a significant difference between the group of obese (higher mean) with eutrophic (p = 0.01) and overweight (p <0.001) regarding emotional overdose; between the overweight group (lower mean) with eutrophic (p = 0.03) and obese (p = 0.03) regarding Desire to drink; and between obese (lower mean) and eutrophic group as to Satiety responsiveness (p = 0.05). Regarding mental health, 27.4% of the children presented very high scores on the instrument, signaling psychological problems; the highest mean scores occurred in the Hyperactivity subscales (4.75) and Conduct Problems (4.75). Satiety responsiveness was correlated with Emotional problems (r = 0.215, p = 0.037) and Hyperactivity (r = 0.244; p = 0.017); Emotional undereating presented a correlation with Conduct Problems (r = 0.334, p = 0.001), Hyperactivity (r = 0.358, p = 0.000) and Peer Problems (r = 0.321, p = 0.002). There is evidence of the association between nutritional status and eating behavior as well as the latter with mental health. In this sense, the results point to the need for attention to the eating behavior and mental health of very young children, aiming at the prevention of problems in mental health and weight gain

Impacto de la producción de berries sobre el comportamiento alimentario en una población de Jalisco, México / Impact of berries production on the eating behavior in a population of Jalisco, Mexico

Resumen En Zapotlán el Grande (ZEG) la producción de berries ha aumentado drásticamente, mientras que la de cultivos tradicionales ha disminuido. La disponibilidad de estos nuevos alimentos puede generar cambios en los hábitos alimentarios (HA) de la población. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la frecuencia y la cantidad de consumo de berries en población adulta de Ciudad Guzmán (ZEG, Jalisco, México), e identificar si estos han pasado a formar parte de sus HA. Participaron 384 adultos, de 18 a 65 años, residentes de Ciudad Guzmán, quienes fueron encuestados por medio de una versión adaptada de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. El 34% de los participantes refirió nunca consumir arándanos, frambuesas o zarzamoras, mientras que 39% los ingería ocasionalmente. En promedio, ninguno de los berries fue consumido en la ración propuesta en el Sistema Mexicano de Alimentos Equivalentes (SMAE), y solo representó 18% de la ración sugerida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se concluye que aunque en cantidad inferior a la recomendada por la OMS o el SMAE, una cuarta parte de la población evaluada ha incorporado los berries a su dieta habitual, lo que demuestra que su disponibilidad está generando una modificación en los HA de la población.

Abstract In Zapotlán el Grande (ZEG) the production of berries has increased drastically, while traditional crops has decreased. The availability of these new foods may change eating habits (EH) of the population. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency and amount of berry consumption in the adult population of Ciudad Guzmán (ZEG, Jalisco, Mexico), and to identify if these have become part of their EH. A total of 384 adults, from 18 to 65 years old, residents of Ciudad Guzmán, were surveyed with an adapted version of a food consumption frequency questionnaire. The 34% of participants reported never consuming blueberries, raspberries or blackberries, while 39% eat them occasionally. On average, none of the berries was consumed in the amount proposed by the Mexican System of Equivalent Foods (SMAE), and only accounted 18% of the ration suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is concluded that although the amount of berries consumed is less than the recommended by the WHO or SMAE, a quarter of the population assessed has incorporated berries into their usual diet, which shows that their availability is generating a change in the EH of the population.

Development of Nutrition Quotient for Korean adults: item selection and validation of factor structure / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a nutrition quotient (NQ) to assess overall dietary quality and food behaviors of Korean adults. METHODS: The NQ was developed in three steps: item generation, item reduction, and validation. Candidate items of the NQ checklist were derived from a systematic literature review, expert in-depth interviews, statistical analyses of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010 ~ 2013) data, and national nutrition policies and recommendations. A total of 368 adults (19 ~ 64 years) participated in a one-day dietary record survey and responded to 43 items in the food behavior checklist. Pearson's correlation coefficients between responses to the checklist items and nutritional intake status of the adults were calculated. Item reduction was performed, and 24 items were selected for a nationwide survey. A total of 1,053 nationwide adult subjects completed the checklist questionnaires. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to develop a final NQ model. RESULTS: The 21 checklist items were used as final items for NQ. Checklist items were composed of four factors: nutrition balance (seven items), food diversity (three items), moderation for the amount of food intake (six items), and dietary behavior (five items). The four-factor structure accounted for 41.8% of the total variance. Indicator tests of the NQ model suggested an adequate model fit (GRI = 0.9693, adjusted GFI = 0.9617, RMR = 0.0054, SRMR = 0.0897, p < 0.05), and item loadings were significant for all subscales. Standardized path coefficients were used as weights of the items. The NQ and four-factor scores were calculated according to the obtained weights of the questionnaire items. CONCLUSION: NQ for adults would be a useful tool for assessing adult dietary quality and food behavior. Further investigations of adult NQ are needed to reflect changes in their food behavior, environment, and prevalence of chronic diseases.

Development of NQ-E, Nutrition Quotient for Korean elderly: item selection and validation of factor structure / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a valid instrument for measuring the dietary quality and behaviors of Korean elderly. METHODS: The development of the Nutrition Quotient for Elderly (NQ-E) was conducted in three steps: item generation, item reduction, and validation. The 41 items of the NQ-E checklist were derived from a systematic literature review, expert in-depth interviews, statistical analyses of the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, and national nutrition policies and recommendations. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the level of agreement between the questionnaires and nutrient intake level, and 24 items were selected for a nationwide survey. A total of 1,000 nationwide elderly subjects completed the checklist questionnaire. The construct validity of the NQ-E was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, LISREL. RESULTS: The nineteen checklist items were used as final items for NQ-E. Checklist items were composed of four-factors: food behavior (6 items), balance (4 items), diversity (6 items), and moderation (3 items). The standardized path coefficients were used as the weights of the items. The NQ-E and four-factor scores were calculated according to the obtained weights of the questionnaire items. CONCLUSION: NQ-E would be a useful tool for assessing the food behavior and dietary quality of the elderly.

Association between screen time and dietary patterns and overweight/obesity among adolescents / Associação entre tempo de tela e padrões alimentares com sobrepeso/obesidade em adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective The association between screen time and dietary patterns and overweight/obesity among adolescents was analysed in this study. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 963 Brazilian adolescents, aged between 11 and 14 years were evaluated. Body mass index was used to assess overweight/obesity. Dietary patterns and screen time were assessed using qualitative questionnaires. Principal component analysis was used to obtain dietary patterns. Confounder variables were: type of school (public or private), sexual maturation, mother's weight and mother's education. The Chi-square test was used for the crude analysis; for the adjusted analysis was used Poisson regression with sample weighting. Results Overweight/obesity prevalence was 29.8% and statistically higher among boys (34.7%). Higher screen time prevalence was 39.1%. The dietary patterns obtained were: obesogenic; coffee and dairy products; traditional Brazilian meal; fruit and vegetables; bread and chocolate milk. The dietary pattern that more closely represented student food consumption was the obesogenic pattern. Screen time was not significantly associated with overweight/obesity. The obesogenic pattern (in both sexes), the coffee and dairy products pattern, and the bread and chocolate milk pattern (only in girls), were inversely associated with overweight/obesity. In this study, dietary patterns influenced overweight/obesity, although in some cases, in an inverse way from what expected. Conclusion A high prevalence of overweight/obesity and a high proportion of screen time activities among the adolescents were observed. Our results indicate a high consumption of unhealthy dietary pattern among adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a associação entre tempo de tela e padrões alimentares com sobrepeso/obesidade em adolescentes de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Métodos Estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 963 adolescentes de 11 a 14 anos de idade matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas do município. O sobrepeso/obesidade foi avaliado por meio do índice de massa corporal e o consumo alimentar do dia anterior por meio da aplicação de questionário qualitativo. Análise de Componentes Principais foi utilizada para obtenção dos padrões alimentares. Os fatores de confusão considerados foram: tipo de escola, maturação sexual, peso e escolaridade da mãe. Usou-se teste Qui-quadrado e regressão de Poisson nas análises bruta e ajustada, respectivamente. Resultados A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade foi de 29,8%, sendo estatisticamente maior nos meninos (34,7%). A prevalência de alto tempo de tela foi de 39,1%. Os padrões alimentares obtidos foram: obesogênico; café e produtos lácteos; refeição tradicional brasileira; frutas e vegetais; pão e achocolatado. O padrão de consumo alimentar que melhor representou o consumo dos adolescentes nessa amostra foi o obesogênico. Não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre tempo de tela e sobrepeso/obesidade. Foram inversamente associados com sobrepeso/obesidade os padrões: obesogênico; café e produtos lácteos; e pão e achocolatado (apenas em meninas). Padrões de consumo alimentar influenciaram a prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade, porém, em alguns casos, de maneira contrária ao esperado. Conclusão Observou-se alta prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade e alta frequência de atividades sedentárias. Os resultados sugerem alto índice de padrão alimentar não saudável pelos adolescentes.

Imagem corporal, atitudes alimentares, sintomas depressivos, autoestima e ansiedade em gestantes de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Body image, eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem and anxiety in pregnant women of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Resumo As mudanças vivenciadas pelas gestantes podem impactar negativamente as atitudes corporais e as variáveis associadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência das atitudes alimentares, sintomas depressivos, autoestima, ansiedade e IMC na imagem corporal de gestantes. Este estudo quantitativo e transversal contou com 386 gestantes de todas as idades gestacionais, entre 18 a 46 anos de idade (média de 29,32 ± 6,04 anos) da cidade de Juiz de Fora-MG. Foram aplicados instrumentos para avaliar atitudes corporais, atitudes alimentares, sintomas depressivos, autoestima e ansiedade. Foram coletados dados antropométricos e obstétricos. Realizou-se análises estatísticas descritivas, comparativas e correlacionais. Os achados indicaram correlações significativas entre as atitudes corporais e: atitudes alimentares inadequadas (r = 0,478), sintomas depressivos (r = 0,387), baixa autoestima (r = 0,431) e elevado IMC (r = 0,339). Além disso, essas variáveis juntas exerceram influência de 41,4% sobre a imagem corporal negativa das gestantes. Assim, recomenda-se a avaliação e a orientação nutricional e psicológica a fim de detectar e prevenir psicopatologias, tendo em vista a saúde materna e infantil.

Abstract The experiences of change that pregnant women live through can have a negative effect on their bodily attitudes and the associated variables. This study aimed to establish the influence on pregnant women's body image of their eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, anxiety and body mass index. This is a quantitative, cross-sectional study, of 386 pregnant women of a range of child-bearing age - from 18 to 46 (mean 29.32 ± 6.04) - of the city of Juiz de Fora, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Instruments were applied to evaluate body attitudes, food attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem and anxiety. Anthropometric and obstetric data were collected. Descriptive, comparative and correlational statistical analyses were made. The findings indicated significant correlations between body attitudes and: inadequate eating attitudes (r = 0.478), depressive symptoms (r = 0.387), low self-esteem (r = 0.431) and high BMI (r = 0.339). In addition, these variables together exerted an influence measured as 41.4% on the negative body image of the pregnant women. Thus, it is recommended that pregnant women should be assessed nutritionally and psychologically and given orientation in these aspects, in order to detect and prevent psychopathology, with a view to optimal maternal and child health.

Transcultural adaptation procedures for the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for Brazil / Procedimentos de tradução da adaptação transcultural do Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) para o Brasil / Procedimientos de traducción de la adaptación transcultural del Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) en Brasil

The objective of this study was to translate the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) into Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate the semantic, conceptual, idiomatic and cultural equivalence, content-related validity and level of verbal comprehension as an initial stage of its cross-cultural adaptation. Six stages were conducted: translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, synthesis of back translations; pilot test to evaluate the instrument and verbal comprehension by the target population; and content validity analysis by judges. The differences between the original and translated versions refer to language and culture, as they are very similar in meaning. The content validity index was excellent, with agreement level of 94.50% among specialists, for the entire scale. The items were easily understood by the target population. The Brazilian version of the DEBQ was approved by the original author and is ready to be tested for psychometric properties. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir o Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e avaliar as equivalências semântica, conceitual, idiomática e cultural, validade relacionada a conteúdo e nível de compreensão verbal, como um estágio inicial da sua adaptação transcultural. Seis etapas foram conduzidas: tradução, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, síntese das retrotraduções; teste da versão piloto para avaliar o instrumento e a compreensão verbal pela população alvo; e análise da validade de conteúdo por juízes. As diferenças entre as versões original e traduzida referem-se à linguagem e cultura, pois são muito similares em sentido. O índice de validade de conteúdo foi ótimo, com nível de concordância de 94,50% entre os especialistas, para a escala inteira. Os itens foram facilmente compreendidos pela população-alvo. A versão brasileira do DEBQ foi aprovada pelo autor original e está pronta para ser testada em relação às propriedades psicométricas. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir el Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) para el idioma portugés de Brasil, y evaluar equivalencia semántica, conceptual, idiomática y cultural, validez relacionada con el contenido, y nivel de comprensión verbal como una etapa inicial de adaptación transcultural. Se llevaron a cabo seis etapas: traducción; síntesis de las traducciones; traducción inversa; síntesis de las versiones de traducción inversa; test de la versión piloto para evaluar el instrumento y comprensión verbal por parte de la población objetivo; y análisis de validez de contenido por jueces. Las diferencias entre la versión original y traducida se refieren a lenguaje y cultura ya que son muy similares en significado. El índice de validez de contenido fue óptimo, con nivel de concordancia de 94,50% entre los especialistas, para la totalidad de la escala. Los ítems fueron fácilmente comprendidos por la población objetivo. La versión brasileña del DEBQ fue aprobada por el autor original y está lista para ser testada en relación a las propiedades psicométricas. (AU)

Development of NQ-A, Nutrition Quotient for Korean Adolescents, to assess dietary quality and food behavior / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a nutrition quotient for adolescents (NQ-A) to assess overall dietary quality and food behavior of Korean adolescents. METHODS: Development of the NQ-A was undertaken in three steps: item generation, item reduction, and validation. Candidate items of the NQ-A checklist were selected based on literature reviews, results of the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, dietary guidelines for Korean adolescents, expert in-depth interviews, and national nutrition policies and recommendations. A total of 213 middle and high school students participated in a one-day dietary record survey and responded to 41 items in the food behavior checklist. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the responses to the checklist items along with nutritional status of the adolescents were calculated. Item reduction was performed, and 24 items were selected for the nation-wide survey. A total of 1,547 adolescents from 17 cities completed the checklist questionnaire. Exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to develop a final NQ-A model. RESULTS: Nineteen items were finalized as the checklist items for the NQ-A. Checklist items were composed of five factors (balance, diversity, moderation, environment, and practice). The five-factor structure accounted for 47.2% of the total variance. Standardized path coefficients were used as weights of the items. The NQ-A and five-factor scores were calculated based on the obtained weights of the questionnaire items. CONCLUSION: Nutrition Quotient for adolescents (NQ-A) would be a useful instrument for evaluating dietary quality and food behavior of Korean adolescents. Further research on NQ-A is needed to reflect changes in adolescent's food behavior and environment.

Comportamento alimentar no campo da Alimentação e Nutrição: do que estamos falando? / Eating behavior in the field of Food and Nutrition: what are we talking about?

Resumo Comportamentos e hábitos alimentares são termos utilizados no campo da Alimentação e Nutrição, onde se destaca a ideia de autores que percebem os comportamentos como eventos controláveis e cuja repetição altera o hábito. Objetiva-se, neste ensaio, entender a influência dessa visão reducionista, destacando algumas discussões sobre os comportamentos alimentares à luz das Ciências Humanas, em particular, da Psicologia e da Filosofia, para estabelecer uma diferenciação em relação aos hábitos alimentares. Ao problematizar o modo simplificado como essa questão é abordada, busca-se no paradigma da complexidade de Morin elementos para entender a relação entre comportamentos e hábitos alimentares, considerando formas de entendimento oriundas de outros campos de saber que não se reduzem à lógica simplificadora da ciência positivista tradicional. Na perspectiva do pensamento complexo, o comportamento se desloca de ação condicionada para uma extensão que comporta as dimensões sociocultural, subjetiva e individual, consciente e inconsciente, enquanto o hábito se afirma como aquilo que na repetição faz sentido para o indivíduo, permitindo que este possa apropriar-se de forma singular das informações e orientações provenientes da ciência e sustentar suas mudanças.

Abstract Behaviors and eating habits are terms used in the field of Food and Nutrition, where authors perceive behaviors as controllable events and that repetition changes habits. This essay aims to understand the influence of this reductionist approach, highlighting some discussions about eating behaviors in light of Humanities, in particular Psychology and Philosophy, in order to distinguish it from eating habits. To discuss the simplified way this issue is addressed, it was sought elements on the paradigm of the complexity of Morin to understand the relationship between eating behaviors and eating habits, taking into account other strands of understanding coming from other fields of knowledge that are not reduced to simplistic logic of the traditional positivist science. From the perspective of complex thought, behavior moves from conditional action to an extension that comprises socio-cultural, subjective and individual, either conscious or unconscious dimensions, while the habit is something that makes sense in repetition for the individual, appropriating information from science to support their changes.

Cultura alimentaria de un grupo de mineros operarios de maquinaria pesada: una aproximación etnográfica / Food culture of a group of mining workers of heavy machinery: an ethnographic approach

OBJETIVO: Describir e interpretar la cultura alimentaria de un grupo de trabajadores mineros, así como sus necesidades, intereses y percepciones respecto de su salud. METODOLOGÍA: Diseño descriptivo transversal de aproximación etnográfica. Los datos se recogieron con entrevistas en profundidad y observaciones de campo. Se realizó un análisis temático con codificación deductiva y se generaron categorías que fueron agrupadas en tres áreas temáticas: identidad y trabajo del minero, cultura alimentaria y percepciones de salud. RESULTADOS: Las características del trabajo e identidad del minero están asociadas a la capacidad de trabajar en condiciones de riesgo y cumplir un rol de proveedor familiar. La salud se asocia a la ausencia de dolencias, al adecuado desempeño laboral y bienestar general. La alimentación desempeña diversas funciones, como manejo de estrés, recreación y prevención de fatiga, asociada al imaginario familiar y al estatus social, entre otros. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados permiten distinguir una cultura alimentaria en el grupo de mineros que interactúa con su identidad de trabajador, lo que se plasma en las percepciones y acciones de salud dentro y fuera de la faena. Incorporar las funciones y significados atribuidos a la alimentación en la planificación de programas de prevención de fatiga y salud cardiovascular, así como la influencia del entorno alimentario, podría potenciar los resultados e impacto en la salud de los trabajadores.

OBJECTIVE. Describe and interpret the food culture of a group of mining workers, as well as their needs, interests and perceptions regarding their health. METHODOLOGY. Descriptive transversal design of ethnographic approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and field observations. A thematic analysis was carried out with deductive codification and categories were generated that were grouped in three thematic areas: identity and work of the miner, food culture and perceptions of health. RESULTS. The characteristics of the work and identity of the miner are associated with the ability to work in risky conditions and fulfill a role as a family supplier. Health is associated with absence of physical pain, adequate work performance and general well-being. Food plays a variety of functions, such as stress management, recreation and fatigue prevention, associated with family imagery and social status, among others. CONCLUSIONS. The results allow distinguishing a food culture in the group of miners that interacts with their worker identity, which is reflected in the perceptions and health actions inside and outside the work. Incorporating the functions and meanings attributed to diet in the planning of programs for the prevention of fatigue and cardiovascular health, as well as the influence of the food environment, could enhance the results and impact on the health of the workers.

Development of nutrition quotient for Korean preschoolers (NQ-P): Item selection and validation of factor structure / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: Screening of preschool-age children for nutrition programs to improve dietary intake and behaviors requires cost-effective and easily administered validated assessment tools. The purpose of this study was to develop a parent/caregiver-administered instrument for measuring diet quality and behaviors of preschoolers as a nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P). METHODS: Development of NQ-P was carried out in three steps: item generation, item reduction, and validation. The 24-h dietary record was selected as the gold standard reference tool. The 38 items of the NQ-P checklist were derived from a systematic literature review, expert in-depth interviews, statistical analysis of the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, and national nutrition policies and recommendations. Self-administered questionnaires were delivered to parents who recorded 24-h dietary intakes of 100 responders aged 3~5 yr. Pearson's correlation was used to measure the level of agreement between questionnaires. Item reduction was performed, and 20 items were selected based on survey results, expert reviews, and priorities of national nutrition policy and recommendations. The 412 nationwide subjects sampled through daycare centers completed the 20-item checklist questionnaire. The construct validity of the NQ-P was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, LISREL. RESULTS: After analyses of exploratory factors, NQ-P items identified three dimensions of diet (balance, moderation, and environment). The three-factor structure accounted for 49.28% of the total variance. Standardized path coefficients were used as weights of the items. The NQ-P and three-factor scores of the subjects were calculated by the obtained weights of the questionnaire items. CONCLUSION: A food behavior checklist for preschoolers' NQ would be a useful and suitable instrument for evaluating nutrition adequacy and dietary quality of Korean preschoolers.

Relationship between Food Behavior and Level of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Elementary School Students in Suwon-si, Korea

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between food behavior and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) score in elementary students in Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do. Two hundreds and thirty two students (113 male and 119 female) in grades 4~6 participated. We assessed food behavior by using Nutrition Quotient (NQ). NQ was examined by an NQ questionnaire, which consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items. Their items were grouped into five categories: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 18.0. Among the five factors, NQ for food behavior and balance factor showed the lowest score, whereas that of diversity factor showed the highest score. The final Nutrition Quotient (NQ) score weighted on such five factors was 62.59 points. The average level of ADHD by Conners-Wells Adolescent Self-Report Scale (Short Form) [CASS(S)] was 17.02 points out of a total of 81 points. Six students (2.2%) who scored more than 41 points were classified as ADHD risk. By gender, male students (19.76 points) showed a higher CASS(S) score than female students (14.41 points) did. There was a significant negative correlation between NQ and CASS(S) score (r=-0.445, P<0.001). Multiple regression determined the effects of moderation (Exp(beta)=-0.193, P<0.01) and practice (Exp(beta)=-0.345, P<0.001) on CASS(S) score. In conclusion, distinctive nutritional education is needed for students with a high level of ADHD to help their understanding considering their different levels of attention.